diff --git a/docs/PROFILING.md b/docs/PROFILING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9184d1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PROFILING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Profiling Dendrite
+
+If you are running into problems with Dendrite using excessive resources (e.g. CPU or RAM) then you can use the profiler to work out what is happening.
+
+Dendrite contains an embedded profiler called `pprof`, which is a part of the standard Go toolchain. 
+
+### Enable the profiler
+
+To enable the profiler, start Dendrite with the `PPROFLISTEN` environment variable. This variable specifies which address and port to listen on, e.g.
+
+```
+PPROFLISTEN=localhost:65432 ./bin/dendrite-monolith-server ...
+```
+
+If pprof has been enabled successfully, a log line at startup will show that pprof is listening:
+
+```
+WARN[2020-12-03T13:32:33.669405000Z] [/Users/neilalexander/Desktop/dendrite/internal/log.go:87] SetupPprof
+	 Starting pprof on localhost:65432
+```
+
+### Profiling CPU usage
+
+To examine where CPU time is going, you can call the `profile` endpoint:
+
+```
+http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30
+```
+
+The profile will run for the specified number of `seconds` and then will produce a result.
+
+If you have Go installed and want to explore the profile, you can invoke `go tool pprof` to start the profile directly. The `-http=` parameter will instruct `go tool pprof` to start a web server providing a view of the captured profile:
+
+```
+go tool pprof -http=localhost:23456 http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30
+```
+
+You can then visit `http://localhost:23456` in your web browser to see a visual representation of the profile. Particularly usefully, in the "View" menu, you can select "Flame Graph" to see a proportional interactive graph of CPU usage.
+
+If you don't have the Go tools installed but just want to capture the profile to send to someone else, you can instead use `curl` to download the profiler results:
+
+```
+curl -O http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30
+```
+
+This will block for the specified number of seconds, capturing information about what Dendrite is doing, and then produces a `profile` file, which you can send onward.
+
+### Profiling memory usage
+
+To examine where memory usage is going, you can call the `heap` endpoint:
+
+```
+http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/heap
+```
+
+The profile will return almost instantly.
+
+If you have Go installed and want to explore the profile, you can invoke `go tool pprof` to start the profile directly. The `-http=` parameter will instruct `go tool pprof` to start a web server providing a view of the captured profile:
+
+```
+go tool pprof -http=localhost:23456 http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/heap
+```
+
+You can then visit `http://localhost:23456` in your web browser to see a visual representation of the profile. The "Sample" menu lets you select between four different memory profiles:
+
+* `inuse_space`: Shows how much actual heap memory is allocated per function (this is generally the most useful profile when diagnosing high memory usage)
+* `inuse_objects`: Shows how many heap objects are allocated per function
+* `alloc_space`: Shows how much memory has been allocated per function (although that memory may have since been deallocated)
+* `alloc_objects`: Shows how many allocations have been made per function (although that memory may have since been deallocated)
+
+Also in the "View" menu, you can select "Flame Graph" to see a proportional interactive graph of the memory usage.
+
+If you don't have the Go tools installed but just want to capture the profile to send to someone else, you can instead use `curl` to download the profiler results:
+
+```
+curl -O http://localhost:65432/debug/pprof/heap
+``
+
+This will almost instantly produce a `heap` file, which you can send onward.